Who Were the Mujahideen of Afghanistan

In the 1970s, a new group of fighters arose in Afghanistan. They called themselves mujahideen (sometimes spelled mujahidin), a word applied initially to Afghan fighters who opposed the push of the British Raj into Afghanistan in the 19th century. But who were these 20th-century mujahideen? The word mujahideen comes from the same Arabic root as jihad, which means struggle. Thus, a mujahid is someone who struggles or someone who fights. In the context of Afghanistan during the late 20th century, the mujahideen were Islamic warriors defending their country from the Soviet Union, which invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and fought a bloody war there for a decade. Who Were the Mujahideen? Afghanistans mujahideen were exceptionally diverse, including ethnic Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks, and others. Some were Shia Muslims, sponsored by Iran, while most factions were made up of Sunni Muslims. In addition to the Afghan fighters, Muslims from other countries volunteered to join the mujahideen ranks. Much smaller numbers of Arabs (including Osama bin Laden, 1957–2011), fighters from Chechnya, and others rushed to the aid of Afghanistan. After all, the Soviet Union was officially an atheist nation, inimical to Islam, and the Chechens had their own anti-Soviet grievances. The mujahideen arose out of local militias, led by regional warlords, who independently took up arms all across Afghanistan to fight the Soviet invasion. Coordination among the different mujahideen factions was severely limited by mountainous terrain, linguistic differences, and traditional rivalries among different ethnic groups. As the Soviet occupation dragged on, the Afghan resistance became increasingly united in its opposition. By 1985, the majority of the mujahideen were fighting as part of a broad alliance known as the Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen. This alliance was made up of troops from the armies of seven major warlords, so it was also known as the Seven Party Mujahideen Alliance or the Peshawar Seven. The most famous (and likely most effective) of the mujahideen commanders was Ahmed Shah Massoud (1953–2001), known as the Lion of the Panjshir. His troops fought under the banner of the Jamiat-i-Islami, one of the Peshawar Seven factions led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, who would later become the 10th president of Afghanistan. Massoud was a strategic and tactical genius, and his mujahideen were a crucial part of the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union during the 1980s. The Soviet-Afghan War For a variety of reasons, foreign governments also supported the mujahideen in the war against the Soviets. The United States had been engaged in detente with the Soviets, but their expansionist move into Afghanistan angered President Jimmy Carter, and the U.S. would go on to supply money and arms to the mujahideen through intermediaries in Pakistan for the duration of the conflict. (The U.S. was still smarting from its loss in the Vietnam War, so the country did not send in any combat troops.) The Peoples Republic of China also supported the mujahideen, as did Saudi Arabia. The Afghan mujahideen deserve the lions share of the credit for their victory over the Red Army. Armed with their knowledge of the mountainous terrain, their tenacity, and their sheer unwillingness to allow a foreign army to overrun Afghanistan, small bands of often ill-equipped mujahideen fought one of the worlds superpowers to a draw. In 1989, the Soviets were forced to withdraw in disgrace, having lost 15,000 troops. For the Soviets, it was a very costly mistake. Some historians cite the expense and discontent over the Afghan War as a major factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union several years later. For Afghanistan, it was also a bittersweet victory; more than 1 million Afghans were killed, and the war threw the country into a state of political chaos that eventually allowed the fundamentalist Taliban to take power in Kabul. Further Reading Feifer, Gregory. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan. New York: Harper, 2009.Girardet, Ed. Afghanistan: The Soviet War. London: Routledge, 1985Hilali, A.Z. U.S.—Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. London: Routledge, 2005.

Implementing A Nutrition Education Component On The Double...

Project design: This project seeks to implement a nutrition education component in the Double Up Food Bucks program at the Oakland County Farmer Market The first step in achieving the goal of increasing the purchase and consumption of SNAP beneficiaries in Oakland County is to increase the participation rates of the DUBF program. A good way to accomplish this is through promotion. Promoting the the DUFB program and what is has to offer will increase awareness and educate participants of the benefits they are able to receive when they shop at the farmers market. Starting two months prior to the beginning of the farmers market season, the community dietitian will have developed numerous promotional advertisements . With the help of an assistant, the advertisements will be sent out and displayed at local businesses, community centers, government agencies and libraries within Oakland County. Promotional marketing types will include newsletters, flyers, brochures, and websites. Each adver tisement material will include information about the farmers market, such as day and time of operation and location of market, as well as information on the DUFB program, the SNAP incentives offered, and benefits of participating. Additionally, the marketing material will promote the opportunity of nutrition education and ability to speak with a RD to answer any questions they may have. Newsletters will be sent out local residents homes, especially those in close proximity of the OaklandShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCoral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher

A Report on Behavoiural Profiling for Loyalty - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Write aboutA Report on Behavoiural Profiling for Loyalty. Answer: This paper centralizes on changes in my behavioural patterns as a staff co-ordinator on the recent employee development program conducted in CERA. In my psychometric profiling based on D.I.S.C analysis, results indicate that I exhibit a high degree of dominance; the levels of my ability to influence my peers and perform steadily are moderate while my compliance with the company has been above average. During my orientation to the staff co-ordinating, I was very responsible throughout the recent recruitment process in the Company. I made sure that the trainees took their training seriously while maintaining a friendly demeanour towards them. I have been more of a calm and calculated employee, who tends to think more analytically. I appreciate learning from my mistakes and work persistently. According to the data compiled in Big Five personality test, the resultant data indicates my personality likely to be that of a confident, positive and self-conscious person. Moreover, my staff members speak highly of me and the opinion of core members of HR department suggests that I am an employee full of potential and diligence. Furthermore, my problem-solving capabilities are uniquely satisfying although there are much more skills I can learn and develop in the future while my tenure in this Company. Hence, this paper concludes that the employee development program was successful and has a considerable loyalty and dedication towards this company and its goals.

Essay Topics - What Are the Best Argumentative Essay Topics?

Essay Topics - What Are the Best Argumentative Essay Topics?There are a number of good argumentative essay topics available today and you need to do your research in order to pick the best one. If you're going to be writing essays, it's important that you have some basic skills to help you along the way. This article will focus on some of the argumentative topics available and will provide a few tips for you to consider when selecting one for your essay.When looking for essay topics, consider the topic of your choice carefully. Do not just choose something random. Make sure you find out about the topic and try to find out what the student would be discussing. Try to find out if the topic is relevant to the subject matter you are going to cover and if it is not make sure that you do not use it. That being said, you also need to make sure that the essay topic is relevant to the college course you are taking.How long does the essay have to be? The longer the essay, the more likely you a re going to encounter this question. There is no better time to come up with a long, detailed essay than when the grade deadline is close.List down all the benefits that the topic would be associated with. Find out how the topic will affect the student, their classmates, other professors and the entire class. Since this is an essay, you want to make sure that you are able to do some research on the topic and that you are able to present the subject in a way that is educational as well as informative.When it comes to essay topics, there are a number of things that you must remember. First, you must write it well. This will help you focus and create an argument. In addition, you will also want to make sure that you have the right type of presentation. This means that you will need to write it in a very precise manner.When it comes to essay topics, there are different types of topics that are available. The most common are case studies, statements, chapters, graphs, and data. If you wa nt to create a theme for your essay, you can choose a theme that relates to the course of study that you are in.When it comes to argumentative essay topics, there are many different topics that you can choose from. Make sure that you use some of the tips listed here to help you when you're picking the best one for your essay. When you're done, you should be prepared to present a powerful argument to the reader.

The Battle Over College Papers for Sale and How to Win It

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University Essay Topics

University Essay TopicsThere are a number of places where you can learn about the different major areas of study within the fields of education and writing. One of the most popular of these is a university. Most universities have great opportunities for students to learn about the area of writing within the field of education.When you are going to school, you will find there are a number of people you will meet who are going to teach you about all of the aspects of writing within the university. This can be a very valuable experience for students. Many students love this experience. They get to meet other students who are teachers in the college.Most universities have some type of academic journal or essay topics for their students to be involved in. These courses are geared toward students who wish to become writers. It will take some effort on your part to get involved in these courses. You will want to put in a lot of work to get your foot in the door.You will also find that there are a number of essay topics and journals within the university that you can attend to discuss your interests in writing. This is something you will want to look into if you are interested in becoming a writer. You will need to be very good at writing if you are going to find success with this career.The essay topics will be dedicated toward you. It may seem like everyone is interested in these things, but they are not. You will find some schools that provide these opportunities for students who may be interested in writing.You may also find scholarship opportunities on the topic of education. This means you will be a better writer if you are willing to apply yourself in a school setting. It is important to remember that in college, many people use information to meet their goals.Tuniversity essay topic There are some universities that have many essays available to choose from for students to complete. This can be a valuable experience for students. In fact, some students enjoy th e experience. If you are in college, you will find a number of great resources for writing.

The Tried and True Method for Essay Topics on Prisons Research in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Essay Topics on Prisons Research in Step by Step Detail Then you'll read up on it until it is possible to think of a research question to write about. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in the subject, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that truly covers the full subject. Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of research on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little bit of preliminary searching and be sure you are going to have all the info you must compose your paper. The One Thing to Do for Essay Topics on Prisons Research The point is you want to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, and that means you'll absolutely want to select a topic that you're passionate about and something which you will get excited about researching and writing. You might discover something that you can use, or something you may adapt for the particular guidelines of your paper. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. The business that builds the prison actually receives the government to agree to get a minimum number of prisoners. Studies have found that prisoners participate in violence for varies reason. Imprisonment rates aren't exact, can't be compared to various nations but are a great indication of trends within countries. Prison Crowding Research Papers go into the way the populations increase has caused problems in prisons like putting all kinds of prisoners together and many more. Discrimination of women on the grounds of race is a typical phenomenon where black women are largely targeted in sexual abuse. Research indicates that male inmate possess the physiological idea which they need to safeguard their identity in prison. Women in the majority of the prisons undergo medical neglect. Several of the women that eventually leave prison discover that it's too hard to take life cold turkey. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Topics on Prisons Research Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to show your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. The question might be part of your introduction, or it may make a fantastic title. On the other hand it's a brief description and covers the significant points. Introducing Essay Topics on Prisons Research Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fa scinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. An essay has three standard components. Such essays are from time to time written in a series so they cover the whole scope of the theme. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Looking at at least one of these topics from a historical perspective would likewise make a superior essay. You should opt for an essay topic which you are acquainted with and that appeals to the reader's emotions. The similarities between off-line and internet conversations. The Advantages of Essay Topics on Prisons Research It is essential that you always prepare a very first draft of the essay. There are various genres of essays and history essay is among them. Though an essay could possibly be written for different purposes a writer should be creative, analytical and must be in a position to organize his thoughts in a crystal clear and crisp method. An argumentative essay on the opposite hand should be supported by facts. A writer should learn to compose an essay professionally. The first task that he should start with when writing an article is to collect the materials that are needed to support the subject of the essay. An essay writer might be a student who's writing the essay for a portion of academic curricula or an expert essay writer writing on a topic for publishing. He should always keep in mind that the essay should be well structured, and it should be written in a way that is well structured. Essay Topics on Prisons Research Features When you have this issue in your hand you must begin with researching the topic and collecting material which will assist you in supporting your perspective. When you own a topic and a list of references, you might want to write down all of the critical points you must include, developing a plan for your justice paper that may be developed into the very first draft simply by describing each point. Discover which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. Even if a particular research paper topic is getting a great deal of buzz at the moment or other individuals seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some type of interest in it also.